ign would meet the new demands and to define whether or not the new requirements were within the original scope. The team immediately discussed out-of-scope changes with the customer and, if the customer approved implementation, the team analyzed these requests to identify technical, cost, schedule, human resources, facilities and risk impacts.

Because space robotic systems must endure at least 10 years in space, quality, reliability and safety demands are imperative. As part of the initial project plan definition, the MD Robotics team established a complete product assurance plan that covered materials and processes selection (critical for space applications), configuration management, electrical and mechanical parts selection, safety and reliability, and software product assurance.

Product assurance personnel were co-located with the project team and became an integral part of the design, manufacturing and test teams. “They brought extensive space-related experience to the table,” Abramovici says.

The Glass is Half Full

The MD Robotics team also began thinking differently about risk management. By continuously re-examining the critical path, the project team brainstormed innovative ways to mitigate threats to cost and schedule.

“Our risk management on this project was synchronized with the critical path,” Abramovici says. “Because it affects your cost and schedule, this make sense. We also looked at opportunities, which no one ever looked at before as part of risk management. While people intellectually understand that there’s a positive connotation, in many cases, they don’t explore those possibilities. We followed this approach religiously.”

There were plenty of opportunities for innovation. “The Interna

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